Incompetence is intimidated by expertise. That’s what is going on in the DOD, and only the GOP Congress has the power to correct the inane actions before the next election. Very sad and dangerous situation. The bill is accumulating and will come due.
In 10 or 30 years Trump has been called narcissistic over 10,000 times? There is a single scientific metric for narcissism called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Searching the entire history of news.google.com I found almost no occurrences of the science? I assume journalists are denying science because Americans deny science. Doesn't attaining expertise require self-correction and so a lack of narcissism and a humility to switch from a false belief to reality?
Up to 60% of anxious people are cured by placebo. But a placebo can be anything. And an innocuous placebo can quickly and seamlessly convert to an insidious placebo. If 60% of Americans are cured by fascism... GAME OVER!
Don't subscribe unless you want to contribute to our Focus Group.
In this horrible time of this horrible epoch you were able to create this brilliant expression "the confederacy of dunces that surrounds Trump." Magnifique.
I was so concerned about Pete hegseth firing the army chief of staff that I sent a message to president trump saying that my wish is that any changes in military leadership are handled with careful consideration for national security and the well being of our service members.
Thank you for your action. We may never know how our actions affect outcomes but to do nothing or say nothing definitely allows the beast to function unassailed.
I write many of the perpetrators of the foul Regime- on the cesspool once know as Twitter. Daily. I don’t know if it helps. I think, “Well if even one person reads this maybe it will help.” I do know for certain, it helps me to know I at least try.
Just as everyone has a nose, everyone has an opinion. For what it’s worth these days, we should remain grateful that we are still allowed to express ours in some form. In equal measure, I find myself agreeing with both of you because no matter how cynical many of us are, if we allow Hope to die, then we are all cooked.
Why be insulting? You believe it accomplishes nothing. So do nothing. Others believe our leadership, such as it is, should hear our disapproval or opinions. So they do something.
Expertise is what makes government for the people. What trump has wrought by replacing experts with unqualified sycophants has ruined the peoples' government. The real problem is that after trump is gone, even if soon, is that the expertise is permanantly gone. The people who left can't be rehired for they have moved on. It will take years to rebuild the competence of government.
It will take decades…the military, DOJ, FBI, HHS, and all the departments once dedicated to actually “serving” the American people….the damage is incalculable
This trumpian enfeebled nation doesn’t have the luxury of decades to restore government by the People. The foxes are growing longer teeth to better grind us down…….unless🧨🔥🛑……
I can’t imagine it is possible, but I’m angered, disgusted and saddened more each day with this criminal, low IQ, racist regime. Serious question. Why aren’t trump and Hegseth wanted for war crimes similar to Putin? Why don’t Nato countries bring charges against them?
Underlying true expertise is intellectual humility. We are inundated with intellectual arrogance. Rather than surrounding himself with sycophants, Abraham Lincoln appointed his fiercest political opponents (William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and Edward Bates) to his cabinet. He valued their diverse perspectives and expertise over personal loyalty, believing that a variety of strong, often dissenting opinions would lead to better decision-making.
Lincoln famously practiced "controlled exasperation" and was remarkably secure in his own intellect. When Secretary of War Edwin Stanton reportedly called him a "damned fool," Lincoln replied, "If Stanton said I was a damned fool, then I must be one, for he is nearly always right and generally says what he means".
Early in his career, Lincoln explicitly stated that if his opinions were found to be erroneous, he would be ready to "renounce them". During the Civil War, he often acknowledged that his own wisdom was "insufficient for the day" and sought counsel from others, including those who disagreed with him.
Lincoln maintained strong moral convictions, particularly regarding the Union and slavery, yet he practiced "moral humility" by refusing to claim that his will was identical to God's. He remained open to the possibility that he might be wrong, even while acting decisively on his beliefs.
Despite having less than a year of formal education, Lincoln was a lifelong learner who studied military strategy, law, and literature to overcome his perceived weaknesses. He frequently visited battlefields and hospitals to learn firsthand from soldiers and officers about what was happening on the ground.
Humility is a state of low self-preoccupation where you don't feel the need to prove your worth constantly. George Washington is perhaps the ultimate example of humility in power due to his willingness to relinquish it. Dwight Eisenhower’s leadership was defined by his "subjugating his own ego" and viewing himself as a peer to the common soldier. Jimmy Carter is widely regarded as a modern model of servant leadership, a style where the leader's main goal is to serve others. Humility is not meekness, it is a social and cultural superpower. When we grasp its importance and require leaders to evince its embodiment, we will all be better off.
What else would one expect when the great MAGAT movement chose a racist rich kid who never worked one day in his miserable, socially bankrupt, mentally diseased life to run the nation than his appointments of the same sort of evil idiots to be his advisors? [That being said, I still do not believe there wasn't major Musk manipulation in that election's results, so the "choice" wasn't entirely the voters'. Too many of them eagerly swallowed the lies, though.]
The fact Kegsbreath fired three expert generals in one day--in the middle of a war of this regime's making--smacks too much of The Night of the Long Knives when ANY disagreement was enough to purge the ranks.
How much do I value expertise? Enough to read this Substack--as well as Dr. Timothy Snyder, Dr. Heather Cox Richardson, Paul Krugman, and others--DAILY. So thank you for YOUR expertise, Steven, in presenting factual information.
I have to feel glad that my son has retired from active service, as his guard unit was just called up to serve in Iran. I worried enough when there were competent officers in charge on his previous 10 deployments; now it’s a hot mess.
He sure is. He reminds me of the boys my age growing up in the post ww2 era,, watching bad war dramas and reading graphic comic books, and then strutting around with toy guns (I still shudder at that) playing at war, They actually ended up in physical fights when somebody didn't want to "die" when they were "shot". Dumb. Skip a generation and you've got Hegseth. He is not living in reality and especially the reality of right now.
Great prompt as I just finished “The Death of Expertise” by Tom Nichols. And I’m in the middle of “Unreasonable Hospitality” by Will Guidara. Both are replete with examples of expertise in one field that does not automatically translate into other fields. Baby Boomers like me sometimes confused business success with business acumen, even though success is so often a product of good fortune. And then some of us confused business acumen with broader intelligence and strategic thinking. To me, expertise in a field is invaluable IN THAT FIELD but is all but meaningless outside that field.
When I was diagnosed with breast cancer several years ago, I met with my assigned care team with great trepidation. I had never had any kind of surgery before—in fact, the only time I had ever been in a hospital was to give birth to my two children. After meeting with my surgeon who assured me that she was in the business of saving breasts and would perform a lumpectomy, I met with one of her nurses to discuss things in more detail. That nurse could not say enough good things about my surgeon and even reassured me about scarring, telling me how she knew that the doctor was constantly practicing stitching, in order to minimize any scarring. I found it quite reassuring that her nurses were so devoted to her. I have to say that now, nearly four years later my scar is practically invisible. So, I absolutely relied on their expertise and sing the praises of my entire care team to this day.
You took the time to ask questions and make sure your doctor was who she said she was, and had the skills you needed. That's an affirmative act. I'm really glad you shared that example- and also glad your surgery went well. I didn't do enough of that kind of checking for a surgery I had, that did not go well. I found out later that this surgeon was a "frequent flyer for procedural problems before the case review board. Sure wish I'd asked more questions. Sure wish our Congress had more people willing to vote down unqualified appointees.
The worst outcomes are generated by ignorant leaders who think they have all the skill and experience needed and surround themselves with people who simply amplify that myth. Even worse, that kind of leader knows they are vulnerable and will remove anyone offering constructive criticism.
Never trust a leader who claims to be the only ONE who can solve a complex problem.
Good leaders, though, must be willing to make decisions based on the best available advice and counsel and take responsibility for that decision.
It is horrifying to see how the Trump administration malfunctions.
I’m especially concerned about how this administration is dismantling the Department of Education. The fact that they have cuts, layoffs, and agency shifts, not to mention the fact they want to abolish DEI, is disturbing. I remember when we were assigned to read the book Babi Yar in my senior year in high school. I was stunned, I had nightmares, but I’ll never forget the amazing teacher who encouraged us to discuss it.
"Information is not knowledge. The only source of knowledge is experience. You need experience to gain wisdom. ... Pure logical thinking cannot yield us any knowledge of the empirical world. All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.” ~ Albert Einstein
=====
The internet has leveled the playing field to the point where all opinions are more or less considered equal, and a Google search substitutes for decades of research. “These are dangerous times. Never have so many people had access to so much knowledge, and yet been so resistant to learning anything.” Credentials are suspect in an age when university degrees are everywhere, grade inflation runs rampant, and colleges woo prospective students as customers and clients. Little wonder, then, that “if in a previous era too much deference was paid to experts, today there is little deference paid to anyone at all.” Students challenge teachers, patients challenge doctors, and so-called experts argue with other so-called experts (often in territory beyond the expertise of either). The Death of Expertise by Tom Nichols; Kirkus; https://tinyurl.com/2nza8rja
=====
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly overestimate their knowledge or ability in a specific area. This tends to occur because a lack of self-awareness prevents them from accurately assessing their own skills. Psychology Today; https://tinyurl.com/377pz4rp
Kelvin, are you aware that the citation for a quote you attribute to Tom Nichols is actually a review of the book? It takes quotes from the book to pan Nichols. I think the book deserves better than that. Please, at least correct the link to correctly identify what it is, and explain the point you are trying to make with it.
Annie, thank you for your subjective observations. Well aware of what I was doing and why, I made a conscious decision to use the Kirkus review as my source. In my opinion, Kirkus tends to provide a fairly objective review analysis. The link I used specifically identifies that it was a Kirkus review of Nichols's book and not a link to Nichols’s book.
In my view, using the Kirkus review provides a balance of what Nichols wrote and how it was received by Kirkus, at least arguably, an objective reviewer. Posters here who are interested can consider both points of view, since finding a link to Nichols's book will be easy and likely no less biased because booksellers often quote from publishers' reviews, promoting what they are trying to sell. Kirkus reviews without promoting sales.
The Kirkus review challenges Nichols mostly for not suggesting a meaningful solution. Having read the book twice (in May 2017 and in April 2025), I do not disagree. I am a firm believer in Nichols’s competence not only in the area of expertise, but to an even greater extent in his books about nuclear weaponry, all of which draw from his many years as an educator at the US Naval War College. He now writes for The Atlantic.
Accordingly, I decline your invitation to restate my post on the terms you propose for your purposes. The source I used manifestly made Nichols’s points and mine: “These are dangerous times. Never have so many people had access to so much knowledge, and yet been so resistant to learning anything. … If in a previous era too much deference was paid to experts, today there is little deference paid to anyone at all.”
See, for example, this scholarly paper from the National Library of Medicine regarding "10,000 hour rule" identified by Malcolm Gladwell in his excellent book "Outliers." https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4662388/ The author notes that Gladwell's thesis, "the key to achieving true expertise in any skill is simply a matter of practicing, albeit in the correct way, for at least 10 000 hours," is an oversimplification (but not invalid) by asking, "is 10 000 hours really enough?" The author agrees with Gladwell's premise, but challenges it as an oversimplification. In many respects, this is no different from how Kirkus reviewed Nichols: general acceptance subject to reasoned challenges.
Perhaps you can understand as this author did with Gladwell and Kirkus did with Nichols that it is possible to view assertions based on empirical data as valid without unconditional buy-in acceptance. In case not, I will simplify this issue further for you.
Too frequently people who search with and rely on Wikipedia, Google, and similar accuracy-challenged websites tend to view themselves as competent to disagree with actual experts, those who have studied and acquired knowledge and, through years of experience in applying and refining that knowledge, have achieved wisdom and more complete and correct understandings than those who declare themselves to be experts based on cursory and too often unsubstantiated overview research. Dunning-Krueger made the same point about people’s ignorance of their own ignorance and the quotes from Einstein used here confirm that experience-free knowledge does not constitute a meaningful understanding. I will leave it to you to frame the issue however you choose and for the purposes you deem important and to post that here, just as I have done.
I too am alarmed by the firings of federal experts and hiring of inexperienced cabinet members. The minority who has expertise such as Marco Rubio ignore what they know and bend to Trump. Leaders must have experience, knowledge and a good moral compass.
Incompetence is intimidated by expertise. That’s what is going on in the DOD, and only the GOP Congress has the power to correct the inane actions before the next election. Very sad and dangerous situation. The bill is accumulating and will come due.
In 10 or 30 years Trump has been called narcissistic over 10,000 times? There is a single scientific metric for narcissism called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Searching the entire history of news.google.com I found almost no occurrences of the science? I assume journalists are denying science because Americans deny science. Doesn't attaining expertise require self-correction and so a lack of narcissism and a humility to switch from a false belief to reality?
Up to 60% of anxious people are cured by placebo. But a placebo can be anything. And an innocuous placebo can quickly and seamlessly convert to an insidious placebo. If 60% of Americans are cured by fascism... GAME OVER!
Don't subscribe unless you want to contribute to our Focus Group.
In this horrible time of this horrible epoch you were able to create this brilliant expression "the confederacy of dunces that surrounds Trump." Magnifique.
The “confederacy of dunces’ ……..brilliant❗️ (May I use it with quote marks..?)
Hi Kay!
Yes! agree
We could start calling the “president” Ignatius J Trump.
I was so concerned about Pete hegseth firing the army chief of staff that I sent a message to president trump saying that my wish is that any changes in military leadership are handled with careful consideration for national security and the well being of our service members.
Cathy
Thank you for your action. We may never know how our actions affect outcomes but to do nothing or say nothing definitely allows the beast to function unassailed.
I write many of the perpetrators of the foul Regime- on the cesspool once know as Twitter. Daily. I don’t know if it helps. I think, “Well if even one person reads this maybe it will help.” I do know for certain, it helps me to know I at least try.
So again, thank you.
💙🇺🇸💙
You think he reads your message when he can't even read an outline of bullet points, but has to have briefings presented to him as game videos?
Why do you have to be a naysayer?
My apologies, Pollyanna. Carry on.
Cathy and Jude,
Just as everyone has a nose, everyone has an opinion. For what it’s worth these days, we should remain grateful that we are still allowed to express ours in some form. In equal measure, I find myself agreeing with both of you because no matter how cynical many of us are, if we allow Hope to die, then we are all cooked.
Why be insulting? You believe it accomplishes nothing. So do nothing. Others believe our leadership, such as it is, should hear our disapproval or opinions. So they do something.
Expertise is what makes government for the people. What trump has wrought by replacing experts with unqualified sycophants has ruined the peoples' government. The real problem is that after trump is gone, even if soon, is that the expertise is permanantly gone. The people who left can't be rehired for they have moved on. It will take years to rebuild the competence of government.
It will take decades…the military, DOJ, FBI, HHS, and all the departments once dedicated to actually “serving” the American people….the damage is incalculable
This trumpian enfeebled nation doesn’t have the luxury of decades to restore government by the People. The foxes are growing longer teeth to better grind us down…….unless🧨🔥🛑……
I can’t imagine it is possible, but I’m angered, disgusted and saddened more each day with this criminal, low IQ, racist regime. Serious question. Why aren’t trump and Hegseth wanted for war crimes similar to Putin? Why don’t Nato countries bring charges against them?
Underlying true expertise is intellectual humility. We are inundated with intellectual arrogance. Rather than surrounding himself with sycophants, Abraham Lincoln appointed his fiercest political opponents (William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and Edward Bates) to his cabinet. He valued their diverse perspectives and expertise over personal loyalty, believing that a variety of strong, often dissenting opinions would lead to better decision-making.
Lincoln famously practiced "controlled exasperation" and was remarkably secure in his own intellect. When Secretary of War Edwin Stanton reportedly called him a "damned fool," Lincoln replied, "If Stanton said I was a damned fool, then I must be one, for he is nearly always right and generally says what he means".
Early in his career, Lincoln explicitly stated that if his opinions were found to be erroneous, he would be ready to "renounce them". During the Civil War, he often acknowledged that his own wisdom was "insufficient for the day" and sought counsel from others, including those who disagreed with him.
Lincoln maintained strong moral convictions, particularly regarding the Union and slavery, yet he practiced "moral humility" by refusing to claim that his will was identical to God's. He remained open to the possibility that he might be wrong, even while acting decisively on his beliefs.
Despite having less than a year of formal education, Lincoln was a lifelong learner who studied military strategy, law, and literature to overcome his perceived weaknesses. He frequently visited battlefields and hospitals to learn firsthand from soldiers and officers about what was happening on the ground.
Humility is a state of low self-preoccupation where you don't feel the need to prove your worth constantly. George Washington is perhaps the ultimate example of humility in power due to his willingness to relinquish it. Dwight Eisenhower’s leadership was defined by his "subjugating his own ego" and viewing himself as a peer to the common soldier. Jimmy Carter is widely regarded as a modern model of servant leadership, a style where the leader's main goal is to serve others. Humility is not meekness, it is a social and cultural superpower. When we grasp its importance and require leaders to evince its embodiment, we will all be better off.
More than this administration apparently. 🫤🤨
What else would one expect when the great MAGAT movement chose a racist rich kid who never worked one day in his miserable, socially bankrupt, mentally diseased life to run the nation than his appointments of the same sort of evil idiots to be his advisors? [That being said, I still do not believe there wasn't major Musk manipulation in that election's results, so the "choice" wasn't entirely the voters'. Too many of them eagerly swallowed the lies, though.]
The fact Kegsbreath fired three expert generals in one day--in the middle of a war of this regime's making--smacks too much of The Night of the Long Knives when ANY disagreement was enough to purge the ranks.
How much do I value expertise? Enough to read this Substack--as well as Dr. Timothy Snyder, Dr. Heather Cox Richardson, Paul Krugman, and others--DAILY. So thank you for YOUR expertise, Steven, in presenting factual information.
I have to feel glad that my son has retired from active service, as his guard unit was just called up to serve in Iran. I worried enough when there were competent officers in charge on his previous 10 deployments; now it’s a hot mess.
Thank goodness, Joanne! You are one mother who doesn’t have to be in constant worry about her child, right now.
Yes, thank you. He just had his 2nd kidney transplant, and that’s plenty to wrap my head around at the moment. All is well, thank the Lord. 🙏
It's not just Musk but all the Oligarchs. I recommend the Substack, Oligarch Watch.
I'm fairly terrified for our troops and their safety. Hegseth is totally mental.
He sure is. He reminds me of the boys my age growing up in the post ww2 era,, watching bad war dramas and reading graphic comic books, and then strutting around with toy guns (I still shudder at that) playing at war, They actually ended up in physical fights when somebody didn't want to "die" when they were "shot". Dumb. Skip a generation and you've got Hegseth. He is not living in reality and especially the reality of right now.
Great prompt as I just finished “The Death of Expertise” by Tom Nichols. And I’m in the middle of “Unreasonable Hospitality” by Will Guidara. Both are replete with examples of expertise in one field that does not automatically translate into other fields. Baby Boomers like me sometimes confused business success with business acumen, even though success is so often a product of good fortune. And then some of us confused business acumen with broader intelligence and strategic thinking. To me, expertise in a field is invaluable IN THAT FIELD but is all but meaningless outside that field.
Adrienne, thank you for sharing what you read!
When I was diagnosed with breast cancer several years ago, I met with my assigned care team with great trepidation. I had never had any kind of surgery before—in fact, the only time I had ever been in a hospital was to give birth to my two children. After meeting with my surgeon who assured me that she was in the business of saving breasts and would perform a lumpectomy, I met with one of her nurses to discuss things in more detail. That nurse could not say enough good things about my surgeon and even reassured me about scarring, telling me how she knew that the doctor was constantly practicing stitching, in order to minimize any scarring. I found it quite reassuring that her nurses were so devoted to her. I have to say that now, nearly four years later my scar is practically invisible. So, I absolutely relied on their expertise and sing the praises of my entire care team to this day.
You took the time to ask questions and make sure your doctor was who she said she was, and had the skills you needed. That's an affirmative act. I'm really glad you shared that example- and also glad your surgery went well. I didn't do enough of that kind of checking for a surgery I had, that did not go well. I found out later that this surgeon was a "frequent flyer for procedural problems before the case review board. Sure wish I'd asked more questions. Sure wish our Congress had more people willing to vote down unqualified appointees.
💙💙💙💙💙💙
The worst outcomes are generated by ignorant leaders who think they have all the skill and experience needed and surround themselves with people who simply amplify that myth. Even worse, that kind of leader knows they are vulnerable and will remove anyone offering constructive criticism.
Never trust a leader who claims to be the only ONE who can solve a complex problem.
Good leaders, though, must be willing to make decisions based on the best available advice and counsel and take responsibility for that decision.
It is horrifying to see how the Trump administration malfunctions.
I’m especially concerned about how this administration is dismantling the Department of Education. The fact that they have cuts, layoffs, and agency shifts, not to mention the fact they want to abolish DEI, is disturbing. I remember when we were assigned to read the book Babi Yar in my senior year in high school. I was stunned, I had nightmares, but I’ll never forget the amazing teacher who encouraged us to discuss it.
Expertise speaks truth to power. That is antithetical to this president.
"Information is not knowledge. The only source of knowledge is experience. You need experience to gain wisdom. ... Pure logical thinking cannot yield us any knowledge of the empirical world. All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.” ~ Albert Einstein
=====
The internet has leveled the playing field to the point where all opinions are more or less considered equal, and a Google search substitutes for decades of research. “These are dangerous times. Never have so many people had access to so much knowledge, and yet been so resistant to learning anything.” Credentials are suspect in an age when university degrees are everywhere, grade inflation runs rampant, and colleges woo prospective students as customers and clients. Little wonder, then, that “if in a previous era too much deference was paid to experts, today there is little deference paid to anyone at all.” Students challenge teachers, patients challenge doctors, and so-called experts argue with other so-called experts (often in territory beyond the expertise of either). The Death of Expertise by Tom Nichols; Kirkus; https://tinyurl.com/2nza8rja
=====
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly overestimate their knowledge or ability in a specific area. This tends to occur because a lack of self-awareness prevents them from accurately assessing their own skills. Psychology Today; https://tinyurl.com/377pz4rp
Kelvin, are you aware that the citation for a quote you attribute to Tom Nichols is actually a review of the book? It takes quotes from the book to pan Nichols. I think the book deserves better than that. Please, at least correct the link to correctly identify what it is, and explain the point you are trying to make with it.
Annie, thank you for your subjective observations. Well aware of what I was doing and why, I made a conscious decision to use the Kirkus review as my source. In my opinion, Kirkus tends to provide a fairly objective review analysis. The link I used specifically identifies that it was a Kirkus review of Nichols's book and not a link to Nichols’s book.
In my view, using the Kirkus review provides a balance of what Nichols wrote and how it was received by Kirkus, at least arguably, an objective reviewer. Posters here who are interested can consider both points of view, since finding a link to Nichols's book will be easy and likely no less biased because booksellers often quote from publishers' reviews, promoting what they are trying to sell. Kirkus reviews without promoting sales.
The Kirkus review challenges Nichols mostly for not suggesting a meaningful solution. Having read the book twice (in May 2017 and in April 2025), I do not disagree. I am a firm believer in Nichols’s competence not only in the area of expertise, but to an even greater extent in his books about nuclear weaponry, all of which draw from his many years as an educator at the US Naval War College. He now writes for The Atlantic.
Accordingly, I decline your invitation to restate my post on the terms you propose for your purposes. The source I used manifestly made Nichols’s points and mine: “These are dangerous times. Never have so many people had access to so much knowledge, and yet been so resistant to learning anything. … If in a previous era too much deference was paid to experts, today there is little deference paid to anyone at all.”
See, for example, this scholarly paper from the National Library of Medicine regarding "10,000 hour rule" identified by Malcolm Gladwell in his excellent book "Outliers." https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4662388/ The author notes that Gladwell's thesis, "the key to achieving true expertise in any skill is simply a matter of practicing, albeit in the correct way, for at least 10 000 hours," is an oversimplification (but not invalid) by asking, "is 10 000 hours really enough?" The author agrees with Gladwell's premise, but challenges it as an oversimplification. In many respects, this is no different from how Kirkus reviewed Nichols: general acceptance subject to reasoned challenges.
Perhaps you can understand as this author did with Gladwell and Kirkus did with Nichols that it is possible to view assertions based on empirical data as valid without unconditional buy-in acceptance. In case not, I will simplify this issue further for you.
Too frequently people who search with and rely on Wikipedia, Google, and similar accuracy-challenged websites tend to view themselves as competent to disagree with actual experts, those who have studied and acquired knowledge and, through years of experience in applying and refining that knowledge, have achieved wisdom and more complete and correct understandings than those who declare themselves to be experts based on cursory and too often unsubstantiated overview research. Dunning-Krueger made the same point about people’s ignorance of their own ignorance and the quotes from Einstein used here confirm that experience-free knowledge does not constitute a meaningful understanding. I will leave it to you to frame the issue however you choose and for the purposes you deem important and to post that here, just as I have done.
I too am alarmed by the firings of federal experts and hiring of inexperienced cabinet members. The minority who has expertise such as Marco Rubio ignore what they know and bend to Trump. Leaders must have experience, knowledge and a good moral compass.